Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus (GDV) in Dogs
Gastric dilatation volvulus or GDV is a life-threatening condition that affects dogs. It is also known by the term “BLOAT”. The term “dilatation” refers to the stomach becoming engorged with air and froth, swelling to many times its size. The term “volvulus” means the stomach actually flips and twists around. When these two things happen together, the accumulated air and froth are prevented from escaping into the rest of the gastrointestinal tract, placing significant pressure on the great vessels of the abdomen and preventing blood return back to the heart. This will lead to cardiovascular compromise and shock.
GDV occurs quickly and it is important for owners to be aware of signs and symptoms related to this condition. The most commonly affected dogs are large breeds with deep chests such as Great Danes, German Shepherds, Irish Setters, Basset Hounds, and others. An affected dog will act uncomfortable and may pace or whine. They may dry-heave and salivate or drool excessively. Sometimes, the dog’s abdomen will even appear bloated or distended. If any of these symptoms are noticed, the dog should be taken to a veterinarian immediately, as it can be fatal within hours if not treated.
Diagnosis of GDV relies on a combination of a veterinarian’s physical exam and x-rays. On physical exam, a vet may note dehydration, rapid heart rate, weak pulse, pale gums or difficulty breathing. An enlarged stomach can sometimes be felt on abdominal palpation as well. X-rays of the dog’s abdomen will confirm GDV with the appearance of a “double bubble” or “Popeye’s arm”.
Immediately upon diagnosis, treatment will begin with patient stabilization, or treatment of shock, and decompressing the distended stomach. A trochar (a hollow needle) can be placed into the stomach through the abdomen, or a tube may be passed down the esophagus into the stomach to relieve the unwanted air. Once the stomach has been decompressed, abdominal surgery is necessary to return the stomach to its normal position. After the stomach is returned to its normal position, a gastropexy is performed where the stomach is actually sutured to the inside of the abdominal wall to prevent it from rotating again. This is also known as tacking the stomach. At this time, the surgeon will also evaluate all other organs for signs of harm. If all looks good, the long incision will be closed up and recovery from anesthesia will begin.
If the condition is caught early and the pet taken to surgery immediately, there is a good chance the stomach will remain healthy and viable. However, if the stomach has been distended for a long time and part of the organ is dead, prognosis is not good. In severe cases, euthanasia may be recommended.
After surgery, the dog will be monitored in the hospital until they are stable and comfortable. Once home, strict exercise restriction and small, frequent meals will be recommended to decrease stress on the incision and the stomach.
As you’ve learned from this article, GDV is, in fact, very life threatening and requires a fast reaction to save your dog’s life. Being able to quickly recognize the signs and symptoms is the best thing you can do to help!